The Impact Of Advertising On The Digital Age - 1842 Words

Ever get tired of seeing an ad pop up while starting a video on YouTube. In a world, where digital technology has been a huge turning point, businesses have found new and creative ways to market their company’s product, be it by the internet, television, or newspaper; Digital technology did not just create an easier way to connect to each other but it made it easier for business to grow more efficiently. At the development of the information age, we started seeing more companies getting more competitive with one another. Advertising has had a major role in the products that we consumers appreciate every day. According to Wikipedia, advertising is the paid, public, non-personal announcement of a persuasive message by an identified sponsor; the non-personal presentation or promotion by a firm of it’s to its existing and potential customers. This Project will show the history advertising and how it grew as a whole, the different types of advertisements and how it shaped bu sinesses to discover just how their advertising strategy aims for a competitive advantage in the digital age, and how to avoid being caught in companies advertisements. Advertising has been going on ever since the start of civilizations. Ancient culture used to advertise their products in rocks and walls. Later, in ancient Rome and Greece, Papyrus, a thin paper-like material made from the pith of the papyrus plant was used to advertise. In the Middle Ages simplicity was used to address the uneducatedShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Impact On The World Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesAs we entered the digital information age in the 1990’s, many people across the world truly believed that Jan. 1, 2000 would bring the end of the world with it. While this was far from true, the ease of access to information that came with the turn of the century still brought upon unbelievable changes to the world as many people had known it to be. One of the biggest changes is the evolution of advertising from print and TV, to now include audiences across the internet through the use of socialRead MoreDigital Revolution1172 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Desc ribe the impact of the digital revolution on marketing and on consumer behaviour† What is Digital Revolution? It is the change to digital technology from analog mechanical and electronic technology which happened during 1980s and still going till today. What is Marketing? Marketing is a process of selling and promoting good and services; it involves market research as well as advertising. What is Consumer Behaviour? It is a study about people, who are consumers of how, why, when, andRead MoreDigital Marketing : The Utilization Of Electronic Media Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesfaced with new challenges and opportunities within this digital age. Digital marketing is the utilization of electronic media by the marketers to promote the products or services into the market. The main objective of digital marketing is attracting customers and allowing them to interact with the brand through digital media. This article focuses on the importance of digital marketing for both marketers and consumers. We examine the effect of digital marketing on the firms’ sales. Additionally the differencesRead MoreContemporary Business Environments Topics1689 Words   |  7 Pagesshort time DIGITAL ADVERTISING â€Å"The ability of a online advertising to provide instant gratification—whether communication, information, or entertainment—whenever and (more importantly) wherever a consumer happens to be empowers both advertisers and consumers, and creates a strong likelihood that online communication devices will become the next great advertising medium.† Interactive Advertising Bureau – July 2008 DEFINING ONLINE ADVERTISING: Digital advertisingRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Digital Marketing1340 Words   |  6 Pagesthe transactions and share cost reductions. It has become clear that in this internet age the world has transformed into electronic information utilization based on technology and globalization, this situation leads to an increase of the use of digital marketing (Syscomdigital.ro, 2015). One of the marketing functions that can be influenced by digital marketing is promotion. Promotions process involves advertising in multichannel and sales promotions. The main way to obtain results through promotionsRead MoreA Brief Note On Social Media And Advertising1469 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Social Media and Advertising Advertising is an effective means to get information about a product directly through to the consumers, and with the advent of smart phones and social media it has evolved dramatically. Prior to social media an advertiser must have made direct contact with a potential buyer or had to purchase signs or commercial slots on television. Now a majority of young adults in the developed world have smart phones that are linked to their social media. This increases theRead MoreRadiohead962 Words   |  4 Pagesallowed the customer to â€Å"price† the digital album by themselves and sold a deluxe CD set version at $80. In order to evaluate the extent to which this strategy may influence on record companies and on the entire record industry, we need to estimate its impacts on the artists and the music audiences. While Radiohead’s release plan may have some certain influences on record labels, those impacts are not big enough to be considered a threat to the record industry. Impacts on artists: Some record companiesRead MoreAdvertisement in the Digital Age Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pagesthe world is evolving every day. We don’t notice the change on a daily basis, but if we were to take a look at one decade ago we would see the many differences, not only technologically but also its influence on self image. Today, we live in the digital age. We live in a world where just about anything can be done in the palm of your hand. The internet has made the world seem so much smaller. We all speak different languages and we all have different interests, but the one thing that we all share isRead MoreThe Digital Modes Of Advertising Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesrelated activities and digital trading (Korgaonkar and Wolin, 2002). The revolution and the continuous innovation and renovation emerging has made the internet an integral part of the day to day running of the organizations. These have enabled businesses to offer a broad range of products and services to their client s globally. Thus many companies have resolved to have the internet as their primary marketing tool. What is more, the digital modes of advertising and selling give consumersRead MoreSocial media affects people’s daily lives. Think about how social media has affected your life.800 Words   |  4 Pagesendorsements. Social media such as Facebook and Twitter has significantly changed the way businesses interact with customers. Roger Warner from Marketing Week states, â€Å"Three years ago most brands didn’t really have a clear understanding of the impact social media would have on internal resources or their marketing strategies. Fast-forward and there are now roles in marketing departments focused solely on sharing and publishing content all the time. The smarter agencies have figured out that their

Three Types Of Friends Friends - 1166 Words

Kesav Nair Professor Joe McDade English 1301 21 September 2015 Three Types of Friends Friends make up for a huge part of one s life. Friendship is one of the most valued treasures of today. We meet a lot of people in our lives, but some of the closest friends that we make are from school. We meet various people with varied characteristics when we enter school, some become dear to us, some may become our enemies (those silly childhood egos of choosing sides), and some choose to become our best friends. In a class of, say 40 students, there are always a few really studious ones, a few notorious ones who always get shouted at, ones who sleep in class, a regular absentee, a teacher s pet, the back benchers and so on. But there remain a few people who leave such a strong impression in your life that it s hard to ever forget their existence. One such friend of mine was this obnoxious crazy type. He was the life of every party, always smiling, always attracting drama, always the energetic one. This is how I met him. It was the first day of 11th grade and we were allotted cla sses. He was a new student, from America. So he did not know how the education system in India worked. He got shouted at by teachers, he lagged behind in his studies and he was finding it difficult to make friends. Coincidentally, we were made to sit together in class one day, and from there on, started our one of a kind crazy friendship. He is my go-to person when I m in need of a mood change. He says theShow MoreRelatedThree Types of Friends Essay547 Words   |  3 PagesA friend is defined as someone emotionally close or somebody who trusts and is fond of another. The affect that a person one calls his or her acquaintance can sometimes be very deep and heartfelt. From my experience, I have encountered three types of friends: the chronic complainer, the staller, and the know it all. A chronic complainer is a he or she that is fault finding. Chronic complainers choose to blame someone else or something for his or her actions. Also, they are uncertain about whatRead More Three Types of Friends Essay examples802 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are basically three types of friends a person can have. There are friends that I call â€Å"sometimes† friends, these people appear to be your friend but only when you are face to face with them, and when you are not around them they act more like a foe. They are often referred to as two faced or a back stabber. These types of friends are not very reliable nor should they be trusted. Another type of friend a person can have, and the best kind, is a â€Å"true† friend. A true friend is someone you knowRead MoreEssay about Three Types of Friends500 Words   |  2 PagesThere are many types of people in the world and many types of friends. Knowing that, it becomes all the more important to select the right peop le so that one might have the correct friends, but which types of friends are required? There are ten different types of friends that everybody should have, each fitting into one of three categories: the occasional friends, the benefactors and the greats. The first category, the occasional friends, encompasses three friend types. The first one is the grenadeRead MoreWho Has Spent Time With Friends?853 Words   |  4 PagesFriends come in all shapes, sizes, and personalities. Everyone has a variety of different friends in life. A unusual sense of humor, great advice, and honesty are all things that come to mind when you think about a friend. Friends are important to have because they are a backbone when things get tough in life and are always there to love and support. However, anyone who has spent time with friends will notice that each one has a special personality with respect to their honesty, loyalty, and careRead MoreClassification and Division: Levels of Friendship1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthink of the word â€Å"friend†. Friends are an essential part of living. They help one another when life gets rough, and it is always a good feeling to have a friend with you. We always want to share our thoughts with someone who un derstands us, and who shares common interests. Since humans are social creatures, it is no wonder friends are such a big part of their lives. One person can’t fulfill every friendship function, and that is why most people have multiple friends and each friend is different. (Booth)Read MoreThere Are Several Similarities Between Aristotle And Confucius1499 Words   |  6 PagesConfucius on the concept of friendship.   Both viewed friendship as a relationship between virtuous and trustworthy friends who understand each other s character.   According to Aristotle and Confucius, virtue is essential when friends   are able to share their lives with one another during the time of fortune and misfortunes.   For this leads them to live happily, joyfully, and harmoniously as friends. Aristotle posited that, â€Å"The perfect form of friendship is that between good men who are alike in excellenceRead MoreFriendship Is A Strange Concept1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthem a friend o pposed to an acquaintance. However, not just anyone can be a friend and there are different types of friendships. According to Aristotle there are three different types of friendships and only one of them is the real deal. The Epicureans would view friendship as being something very important in life. To me, friendship is both of these views put together with a few changes here and there. To begin, Aristotle believed that there are three types of friendship. One of those three is aRead MoreMy Understanding Of Personality Theory860 Words   |  4 Pagesdemonstrate my understanding of personality theory, I choose to create a personality profile for a close friend. She is a very driven individual with some unique interests. I wanted to evaluate her personality because she is a very close friend of mine and I know her vary well. I chose Allport’s trait theory because he uses 3 types of traits to describe people. I liked the way he organized traits in to types of traits. I think its easier to understand his theory because of the organization. I organized myRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy On The View Of Friendship818 Words   |  4 PagesThis book describes the view of friendship. He also describes three different type of friendship, which in reality is exactly how friendship is in today society. The question while reading this information is what is friendship in Aristotle point of view? Aristotle believes that there are three different kinds of friendship; that of utility, friendship of pleasure, and virtuous friendship. In his book he describe exactly what each type of friendship really is. Friendship that is of utility is whereRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Friendship1415 Words   |  6 Pagesinteraction is a must for survival. It is in our nature. Aristotle understood this, he even had his own analysis of friendship. In the Nicomachean Ethics written by Aristotle, books VIII and IX are based off of friendship. Today, the definition of a friend is, â€Å"A person with whom one has a bond of mutual affection, typically one exclusive of sexual or family relations (Oxford Dictionary).† To Aristotle, friendship is much more than this. In this research paper, I will evaluate whether or not Aristotle’s

Community Resilience Ambulance Service

Question: Discuss about the Community Resilience for Ambulance Service. Answer: Introduction: In Australia, communities that reside in rural areas get inequitable health services compared to those that live in cities and the surroundings. In case of an emergency and a patient(s) requires urgent life-saving medical attention, mostly what they get is slow or no response. There is a serious and long-term problem with recruitment and retention of rural health workers, and of importance, paramedics (O'Meara, et.al, 2012). When it comes to saving someones life, paramedics act as the first line of defense; their services are, therefore, vital and should always be quickly available. There has been a variety of responses in a bid to solve this issue, the leading being the emergence of healthcare models whose workforce roles are flexible. The models also include Expanded Scope of Practice (ESP) paramedic roles (McPherson, et.al, 2006). As the worlds population grows, rural areas experience an increase in the demand for emergency departments; Australia is no exception. Australias rural settlements have been experiencing a decrease in the number of home visits by medical practitioners, a factor that is driving the ESP for paramedics dialogue (Ruest, Stitchman, Day, 2012). Another concern that has affected the activities of paramedics in the rural areas is the fact that paramedic is still an emerging profession; local people who need their help, therefore, dont easily trust them. The efficiency and capability of paramedics in the rural areas need to get honed. Every last person who requires the urgent and life-saving attention of a paramedic gets it promptly and efficiently. Communities are not well engaged and therefore do not acknowledge the paramedics extended scope of practice. When paramedics continually interact with their local communities, the people understand their role well, and the limit of the services they provide; the people also have firsthand information on how to contact the paramedics in case of an emergency (Stirling, et.al, 2007). The government should ensure that a good number of paramedics are continually on location in the rural areas; where need be, they should be paid hardship allowances to boost their morale (Dussault, Franceschini, 2006). With proper implementation of the ESPs, the paramedics would get to significantly increase the response capacity of the community and, thus, promote the heath of these communities (Mulholland, et.al, 2009). With appropriate paramedic engagement, the rural communities would get more closely linked to ambulance services, a challenge that paramedics face (Jackson, 2011). The number of ambulances should be increased to match the rising demand. A paramedic can arrive in time to attend to a patient, but the lack or delay of an ambulance to transport the patient can prove the paramedics efforts futile. The second major setback is the clinical response expected of the paramedics in the rural areas. There is a strong argument that for effective dealing with the emergency cases encountered, rural area paramedics require an array of traditional paramedic skills. The ESPs require implementation in all rural areas to link communities to other available and more advanced healthcare services such as the use of air ambulance (Blacker, Pearson, Walker, 2009). The role of paramedics is usually seen by many, including some paramedics, as majorly that of responding to emergencies (Cooper, Grant, 2009). Such attitude creates a barrier to the introduction of new roles that are supposed to lead to enhanced health care among residents of the rural areas. Also, compared to urban centers, rural areas have less workload; concerns, therefore, arise on the difficult in maintaining existing paramedic staff and the worth in introducing more skills in such areas. The third challenge has to do with the extension in the scope of the practice of paramedics. It is a modest step that would complement the roles of other health professionals in the rural setting, and even fill service gaps. The services of paramedics are an excellent option when doctors are unable to provide after-hours service, and in small isolated communities where doctors are absent (Sullivan, Francis, Hegney, 2008). The extension bid gets however challenged by things like job insecurity among nurses who feel that the paramedics may lead to their retention. The fourth issue is the insufficient continuous education for the paramedics to learn new skills, and also how to use new devices that are technologically advanced. All of the above challenges need to be addressed via ESP models to enable paramedics locally and across the world perform their tasks efficiently. References Blacker, N., Pearson, L., Walker, T. (2009). Redesigning paramedic models of care to meet rural and remote community needs. 10th National Rural Health Conference (pp. 17-20). Cooper, S. J., Grant, J. (2009). New and emerging roles in out of hospital emergency care: a review of the international literature. International Emergency Nursing, 17(2), 90-98. Dussault, G., Franceschini, M. C. (2006). Not enough there, too many here: understanding geographical imbalances in the distribution of the health workforce. Human Resources for Health, 4(1), 12. Jackson, A. (2011). Community resilience: what significance does it have for an ambulance service?. Journal of Paramedic Practice, 3(9). McPherson, K., Kersten, P., George, S., Lattimer, V., Breton, A., Ellis, B., ... Frampton, G. (2006). A systematic review of evidence about extended roles for allied health professionals. Journal of health services research policy, 11(4), 240-247. Mulholland, P., OMeara, P., Walker, J., Stirling, C., Tourle, V. (2009). Multidisciplinary practice in action: the rural paramedicits not only lights and sirens. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 7(2). O'Meara, P. F., Tourle, V., Stirling, C., Walker, J., Pedler, D. (2012). Extending the paramedic role in rural Australia: a story of flexibility and innovation. Rural and Remote Health, 12(2), 1-13. Ruest, M., Stitchman, A., Day, C. (2012). Evaluating the impact of 911 calls by an in-home programme with a multidisciplinary team. International Paramedic Practice, 1(4), 125-132. Stirling, C. M., O'meara, P., Pedler, D., Tourle, V., Walker, J. H. (2007). Engaging rural communities in health care through a paramedic expanded scope of practice. Rural and Remote Health, 7(4). Sullivan, E., Francis, K., Hegney, D. (2008). Review of small rural health services in Victoria: how does the nursing?medical division of labour affect access to emergency care?. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(12), 1543-1552.

Masculinity and Its Link in the Importance free essay sample

Victorian ideas of masculinity. The concept of Victorian masculinity is a diverse one since it was influenced by numerous aspects and factors such as domesticity, economy, gender roles, imperialism, manners, religion and much more. Some of these aspects seem to be quite naturally related to one another, while others seem none-relational. For the males, this included a vast amount of pride in their work, protectiveness over their wives, and an aptitude for good social behaviour. The Victorians saw manliness as good, a form of control over maleness, which was brutish. Christianity contributed much to the Victorian concept of masculinity.The real Victorian man was to be spiritual and a faithful believer. The husband and father was considered to be the head of the household, but his duty was to rule. Victorian men were not only competing for respect within their own sex, but they needed to impress the women too. If they were not married, it depicted that they were not fully masculine because they did not have a family to support. We will write a custom essay sample on Masculinity and Its Link in the Importance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Supporting a family was a sign of true success within the male sex. In the text so far Oscar Wilde shows Earnest/Jacks eagerness as a sign he could trying to assert his masculinity because that is what Victorian society is so judgemental. Prescribing the notion that women were born to dream of marriage, Cecily and Gwendolyn, from The Importance of Being Earnest, are caught up in the fantasies of the perfect marriage to the perfect earnest husband. Cecily and Gwendolyn are fixated on the name Earnest, almost as if it were an obsession; it is the ideal name for their future husbands. They are determined not to marry a man unless he is called Earnest because they believe a man with this name will automatically live up to the name’s expectations of being serious, honourable, and moral.In Wilde’s play, he comically satirizes the name â€Å"Earnest,† through the portrayal of two deceitful men whom the women fantasize as being ideal men worthy of marriage â€Å"My ideal has always been to love some one of the name of Earnest ’ These two men claim to live up to the Victorian ideals, but then live another life outside of the community to escape the society’s pressures. Henceforth, in the play, the men fall under the pressure of women and Victorian ideals rather than staying true to their identity and personalities.Even when Jack tries to admit his real name, Gwendolyn becomes lost in her ideals of a fantasized husband named Earnest and discourages Jack from confessing his real name. She uses the knowledge that she has learned from the Victorian society to judge whether someone by the name of â€Å"John† or â€Å"Jack† would be a suitable husband for her, and in doing so, she manipulates Jack into hiding his identity out of fear of losing Gwendolyn. He believes the only way Gwendolyn will accept him is to say his name is Earnest.

Economic consequences of immigration on socioeconomic activities

Table of Contents Introduction Wages immigrants receive Treatment by mainstream American society Occupation of unskilled immigrants Long-term socioeconomic mobility The labor they provide Works Cited Introduction Immigration from one country to another has an impact on the economic status of the host country. Mainly, immigration focuses on two aspects of the economy, which are effect of immigration on labor market and its effect on fiscal market. Immigration influences the labor market if it affects the distribution and size of the destination country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic consequences of immigration on socioeconomic activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fiscal market looks at the consequences on the sustainability of the public budget through the contribution of the immigrants. Immigrants contribute to fiscal market through taxes and on the other hand, they receive public transf ers, which in the end bring the problem of sustainability and distribution in the country (Polachek 2006). Wages immigrants receive Migrant workers receive very low income in the US. Immigrants who work in farms are the ones who are mostly affected. They work in the farms since farm work is available and their payment is under the table and below the minimum wage requirement. There are labor accusations about the amount of money paid to the immigrants with many advocating for low wages due to their inexperience. Treatment by mainstream American society There is an increased level of interest for immigrants by the community especially the local government due to their potential economic contribution. Community leaders also perceive immigrants as contributing to social cultural life due benefits such as cultural exchanges, foods and entertainment which in the end increase intercultural understanding. On the other hand, immigrants are perceived as security threats. They are people who are a threat to national security especially after the September 11 attack on the US (Polachek 2006). Occupation of unskilled immigrants Most of the immigrants represent a large number of people in the labor force. There is a common belief that immigrants do jobs that Americans will not do. They work in household services, fishing, farming, and forestry. Immigrants in these occupations are lowly paid and they work for very long hours. Other occupations where immigrants work are in art and craft, repair and maintenance, precision production, administrative support, assemblers and machine operators. It is not true to say that immigrants only do jobs that not done by Americans. Immigrants have employment as doctors and nurses, in fast food stores and in retail outlets around the country (Smith 2009). Long-term socioeconomic mobility Economic migrants moving to America experience gains in income. Their occupational status in comparison to natives usually has a downward mobility at the p oint of migration. Due to this, they work in low income jobs and they face a lot of unemployment than the natives. This downward mobility caused by several factors. Most immigrants have no formal education and they lack experience thus employers do no look for them.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, many of them lack language skills to perform jobs. Therefore, they move down the occupational ladder to jobs that do not need communication. Other reasons for the social economic mobility are market failures. Immigrants have difficulty in obtaining credentials required in the market. Thirdly, most immigrants lack knowledge of local labor market or they lack networks that would connect them with jobs that need their skills. The labor they provide Most of the immigrants are ready to provide labor in all sectors. They are ready to accept low wages and, employers seek immigrant s for their labor. Entry of immigrants in the labor market does not displace natives because they provide their labor in distinct sectors of the economy. However, this assumption is highly flawed since the economy will not into two job types, one for natives, and the other for immigrants. It is difficult to draw a clear line between the type of jobs done by the natives and those done by immigrants. The unskilled immigrants provide flexible labor to many businesses. The immigrants have no expertise and therefore they do most of the manual jobs that are unskilled (Smith 2009). Works Cited Polachek, Solomon. The Economics of Immigration And Social Diversit, New York: Emerald Group Publishing, 2006. Print. Smith, James . The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. New York: National Academies Press, 2009. Print. This essay on Economic consequences of immigration on socioeconomic activities was written and submitted by user Mitchell Avery to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How To Write A Definition Essay Outline, with Example

How To Write A Definition Essay Outline, with Example Definition Essay Outline BAD EXAMPLE GOOD EXAMPLE A definition essay is not like any other. It requires the writer to concentrate on the explanation and meaning of a specific term. Definition essay writing can either be factual or subjective based on the writer’s opinion. Definition essay outline example (good and bad) Below are two examples of outlines. The first outline for a definition essay shows what you should not do while the second indicates the basic format. Bad Example Topic: Religion Introduction Religion is the inclination of one’s faith based on what they believe. It refers to faith in a superior being that controls the universe and makes things appear the way they are. There are many revealed religions, the known ones being; Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism. All these have their own believes and are run by a different set of rules. Thesis statement According to the recent fights in religion, I think that Islam is the main cause of terror in Islamic countries. This research looks at the trends of war in Islamic countries and aims to establish why it is relevant. I know that they are the main causes of wars. Conclusion This research has proven me right that Islam is in the forefront in propagating violence and terror. It requires no further investigation. I would recommend that they be kicked out of the country as soon as possible. Good Example Topic: Religion Introduction According to Oxford dictionary, religion (n) refers to; the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power especially gods or a personal God. Also, it refers to a certain system of faith and worship. Also, religion can be defined as a strong believe in a system that one regards as an important aspect in their life. In my opinion, religion is an individual’s beliefs of what is rights and wrong. Religion is guided by a set of rules that a person finds worthwhile and their willingness to abide by them. This paper aims to look at religion as means of worship to a superior being. Thesis statement Religion defines an individual in different circumstances. Despite it being a guideline on life, it has made people to be self-righteous in following the rules of nature. It has made people lose themselves and let their goals and character be defined by religion. People have made religion their scapegoat for anything they do. Whether right or wrong, it is likely that they will claim to be following the good book. Religion has made people to be blind followers. Most people who hung up on religion do not necessarily believe in their Bible or Islam but follow the rules to show others how lighthouse they are. Conclusion We should be taught the fundamentals of spirituality. There is a big difference between being religious and being spiritual. Our guiding anchor should be building our faith in God or Allah. The fear of knowing him is what should push us into wanting to follow the book of life. It’s important to note that religion cannot lead us to the heavenly kingdom but rather the way we live our religious life. From the above definition essay outlines, a reader can see the difference. Tips on writing the introduction Before embarking on writing a great essay, cross check the thesis statement. The thesis statement should be strong and reflect the view of the writer. You need to do a lot of research on scholarly definitions of the subject. You are required to quote a few definitions before coming up with your meaning. The definition you come up with should sound intellectual. To do this, try to relate your definition with that of different authors while remaining creative. For a good definition, if possible, avoid the use of when and where. Have a draft beforehand. The draft is important as it helps you cross check while writing the information needed. An example of a definition essay outline helps you not to leave out any information that is important to your essay. Use a wide range of examples in your draft that will later narrow down when writing the final copy. Tips on thesis writing The thesis statement carries the weight of writing assignment. The thesis should be well thought out. There are various methods of coming up with a thesis, for example, brainstorming from a broad topic and narrowing it down to a particular area you want to study. Besides, one can look at available thesis done and find a gap. The thesis should identify a substantive solvable issue that is attainable. It should not be too technical in terms of methodologies required and data analysis. It should have data that is easy to interpret and analyse. Tips on writing the body (paragraphs, lengths and transitions) When writing the body, explain to the reader why some meanings were left out. When writing, one should have decided which meanings to go with and why based on the thesis statement. Once this is done, support your definition with examples. From your draft, narrow down which examples apply to your thesis and use them as supporting material. If need be, attach relevant documents like charts or quotations to support your argument. Your paper  should not be too long. To avoid wordiness, ensure that you write in the correct language. Have a consistency in writing that is, if you decide to write in American English, use it till the end. Do not jumble up languages as they appear as errors. Be detailed in your explanations based on your research. Be keen to observe all rules of definition essay outlines. Follow the definition essay outline examples available on the internet to guide you throughout the writing. Tips on conclusion writing Once all the points have been discussed, the essay should convey a sense of being complete. It carries the implications identified but also gives room for other possibilities. You can begin your conclusion by linking the first paragraph to the last, by perhaps quoting a phrase that you used in the first paragraph. In definition essay writing this makes the reader see that you have mastered your content. Depending on what your opinion about the matter is, do not feel the need to apologize for it. Let the reader know what your final word on the topic is whether or not it fits into their ideology. Write your arguments in a manner that you believe it’s the correct one, show the reader what you are writing is the correct one. Another strategy of capturing the attention of the reader is by concluding your essay by settling your arguments into a larger context. This makes the reader aware that though unmentioned, there are other different approaches to the topic. Conclude your essay by proofreading and cross checking whether your outlining is correct.

2 drafts to peer review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2 drafts to peer review - Essay Example Of course the story will directly not tell what that meant which makes it more interesting because it leaves us to fill the gap by our interpretation of the story. It would have been nice if the interpretation was included. In essence, James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues s about a person’s struggle, discovery and liberation of which every human being undergo to a relative extent. Probably the reason why there was an attempt to keep the narrator anonymous is to maintain the universality of the story. Albeit it may spoke of the struggle of the African-American against segregation and prejudices, the same struggle is also experienced by other people although the challenge may take in different form. The paper â€Å"got† the gist of the story and just needs some polishing. It was also nice that some quotations were included to emphasize a point such quoting â€Å"low ceilings of their actual possibilities† when complacency was talked about. It progresses to select some scene’s in the work to highlight aspects of the story making it more detailed without being too

Small Business Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Small Business Management - Case Study Example purpose to gain wealth. (Now you'll get no down- pump on wealth from this writer. But it's way to over rated. There are greater pleasures besides money and sex. The Dot Com era offered great expectation and nobody wanted to be left out. Mr. Tuzman now says, "Say it truthfully, say it completely and say it first.") (Start-up Journal, P. 1, Wall Street Journal 2006) "We're growing too fast and losing focus." Those statements tell us money alone-in fact money alone tells us success and accomplishment will not come unless the CREATOR has decided it is so, and are willing to persevere until the dream is SO. Capital and knowledge are imperative to succeeding in business.( I preach not here-I tell it from being at the bottom and the top.) The truth is, it's not the end that matters, it is how you do it in between that counts. That you do it right,-in the end, that is the only result which matters. (Enron, 2006.) Small coin games will not give you no happiness at the final rest.Oh, but the glare of capital that overshadows all creation. It's something to behold.. This may be above you understanding, but there is no such thing as failure, only just not enough follow through. I'd be delinquent to tell you otherwise. Mr. Tuzmand is now apparently doing some kind of amends project-has a firm, the Recognition Group, which invests and advises distressed companies. It is admirable when he states that he advises future business relationships of his past failures. (Loftus P. 1) That indeed, is admirable in a world bent on suicide bombings and invading countries. Both have said, Mr. Tuzmand and Herman, they've learned their lesson. Life appears to be on the mend. He goes onto further say, (Loftus P.1) "I'm trying to... But both men now say they have learned their lessons, and they are using them in their latest venture. Mr. Isaza Tuzman, 30, now heads Recognition Group, a New York firm that invests in and advises distressed companies. Mr. Herman, 31, is an affiliate partner with the firm, although he recently took a leave of absence to assist his father's business in New Hampshire. The friends have reconciled since their falling out over Govworks. Recognition Group seeks controlling stakes in distressed companies with less than $150 million in annual revenue. The firm works on behalf of other private-equity firms and workout groups within banks. After all, the messy demise of Govworks.com, an online government-services provider, was chronicled in the 2001 documentary "Startup.com." The film showed a company enriched by $60 million in venture backing growing too fast and losing focus. A low point came when Mr. Isaza Tuzman fired Mr. Herman, his childhood friend and Govworks co-founder. But both men now say they have learned their lessons, and they are using them in their latest venture. Mr. Isaza Tuzman, 30, now heads Recognition Group, a New York firm that invests in and advises distressed companies. Mr.

Statistics Case Study - Desalination Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistics - Desalination - Case Study Example However, a key hindrance to this noble objective is the cost factor. This paper presents some of the basic assumptions leading to estimation of the $ cost per/m3 of the desalinated water the case of study being the City of Cambria which is situated on the central coast of California. Generally this definitive question lacks basic answers due to the fact that multiple factors are believed to influence the costs incurred in desalination of water. However, various assumptions assist in estimation of costs in this case. Firstly, it is assumed that the desalination process takes a typical approach as described in the diagram below; However, the processes do not form the cost centers with regard to the project at hand. The project cost drivers are rather classified differently in order to attain the estimated production cost. It is assumed that these cost drivers remain relatively the same irrespective of the project despite variance associated with other factors and hence amount to cost v ariations (Bauman 56). In the figure below are the cost categories assumed to affect the SWRO desalination project. It is assumed that that horizontal and slant wells which are comparable to open intake will be used. Although, they have typically higher costs, they offer the longest-running history of installation as well as reliability supportive of development of a full scale desalination facility. Additionally, the costs relating to disposal of concentrate stream are site specific and as such the costs estimates provided are averages assumed to be effective (Digiano and Heime 1667). The costs also include the conveyance that links the desalination plant to the point of disposal. These are similarly highly variable as a result of the varied conveyance distance and terrain and hence constitute a large portion of the disposal costs. With regard to pre-treatment, there is a perceived dependence on the quality of feed water. For instance, an open ocean feed is expected to have much mo re levels of suspended materials and impurities as compared to well-sourced water. Typically, costs are expected to lie in the range of between US$ 0.5MM to US$ 1.5MM per MGD (Digiano and Heime 1667). Costs are also affected with the feed water temperature, cleanliness of the source water, as well as the ambient salinity fluctuations. For instance, when the SWRO facility planned for the Northern part may treat seawater that averagely measures 10 degrees colder as compared to a SWRO facility located to the Southern part; there would be a rise in feed pressure by between 10 and 15% for an equivalent production value to be attained. Throughput capacity of a facility for desalination has an effect on the size as well as the number of equipment required, in addition to the space required to locate a treatment plant. The cost of situating a facility closer to the point from where it is made use of as well as a suitable power source needs to be weighed against intake/discharge pipeline eas ements, costs of transmission line, construction materials, permits issued, labor used, as well as maintenance costs .linked to intake/discharge or distribution service location (Gumerman and Hasen 34). Based on material cost online, it is estimated that a 20-mile distribution system that delivers 50 MGD would result into an increase of between 15 to 30% of the entire cost of project capital as compared to a 2-mile pipeline (Gumerman and Hasen 35). Permitting as well as regulatory issues also impact on the cost of the project in entirety. This often

Piezo-resistive pressure sensor

Piezo-resistive pressure sensor Introduction: Sensor is defined to be a device that can be responded to any type of signal and can receive those signals. The physical property of sensor is that it can convert any input into electrical signals with in electronic circuits. A sensor does not function itself because it is such larger system and consist of many detectors, signal processors and memory devices. In every device sensor is placed in either intrinsic or extrinsic states. Sensors are of two kinds, one is passive that can directly generate electric signal and responds to external factors. Another is active sensors these needed some external power of excitation signal for operation of the device. Sensors can be classified into many ways according to the usage. The classification scheme arranged from simple to complex. Sensors are divided into physical, chemical and biological type. The physical sensors consist of thermoelectric, photoelectric, electro elastic, photo elastic and pressure sensors. Sensor is the one of the MEMS application. Among different types of physical sensors iam discussing in this essay about the Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Piezo-Resistive sensors are used to measure the strain on a silicon diaphragm. Piezo-Resistive sensor devices are widely used in bio-medical field. These types of sensors always need temperature sensors for calibrating the device. Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor is the commercial product that is successful in MEMS technology. For increase the progress in integrated circuits the sensors are combined with the Piezo-Resistive effect. These types of sensors are widely used in many applications like in pressure switches, pressure gauges and in automobile parts. In this essay in below the Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors physical principle, fabrication process and the design system and the applications of this type of sensors is explained. Physical principle: The Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor main principle is linearity and sensitivity. These two are the main principles involved in this type of sensor. Piezo-Resistive principle: An elastic material is taken and due to some source the strip of this material tends to move and if there is increase in longitudinal dimension then there will be decrease in lateral dimensions then cross section area will be decreased. If this is positive strain means there will be change in resistance value due to Piezo-Resistive effect. The pressure sensor consists of Silicon diaphragm, Piezo-Resistive in a wheat stone bridge and Silicon diaphragm is used to convert pressure into mechanical stress. The Piezo-Resistors converts stress into resistance and then finally resistivity changes into output voltage. Subsystems here are divided into pressure sensor with high sensitivity and good linearity and this entire setup. Linearity: Analysis of linearity begins with small deflection theories and deflections are small compared to thickness of diaphragm. If the error in linearity error is less than 0.3% then linearity error decreases as the length of resistivity changes. As the length of resistor increases then linearity error will be decreased. There are some steps to be followed in linearity. First the magnitude error must be lower than linearity error then shape of curves varies as the length of the materials changes. Then error moves from negative to positive applied pressure changes. In final step linearity error is no more symmetric and it will be irregular. If the diaphragm thickness increases then linearity error also reduces then error shifts from positive to negative sign. A best linearity error observed at a diaphragm with a thickness of 2.2 µm.The linearity error decreases if the thickness of diaphragm increases. When compared to linearity error in square and circular diaphragm means in ci rcular diaphragm occupies less area then square. Then large deflections are reduced in this case. Sensitivity: Sensitivity analysis is based on small deflection theories of plates. The pressure deflection relationship of plates is fabricated from isotropic and homogenous materials. The location and shape of resistors are also the effects of pressure sensors. Resistors are usually placed where there will be increase in stress larger to increase the sensitivity. The parameters are length L, width W, for the shape and the distance between in outer parallel resistor and the distance between in outer parallel resistor and diaphragm is 2dXt and distance between perpendicular resistor and diaphragm id dy.Sensitivity is approximated if all resistors are exactly same and have no Zero offset. In circular shape diaphragm the sensitivity is high at the edge and resistors are placed in radical directions. In top or bottom of diaphragm the sensitivity is high. Fabrication process: The pressure sensor chips are packaged individually for pre-moulded-housing packing techniques leading to low packaging throughout a large body. The packaging steps are shown in below and here top-down fabrication process takes place. A lithographic dam-ring approach is used to develop for fabricating the Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors. Initially a pressure sensor wafer with Pyrex glass combination is taken and the thickness of layer is up to 150 µm. The ultra thick layer of 150 µm with negative-tone positive resist is spin coated on the surface at a level up to 4inches. Then photolithography process is taken place to use dam-ring approach around the silicon membrane surface of the pressure surfaces. Then dicing process is used to separate the wafer and then splits into multiple pressure chips as observed. Then an adhesive material is placed on die pads on the substrate and then a dam-ring is then picked and placed on the die pads of organic substrate. Then it is heated to cross link the adhesive material and it will combine both pressure sensor and organic substrate. Then a wire bonding takes place between the aluminium bonding pads of the pressure sensors and the electrode pads of organic substrate. Then organic panel substrate is attached with pressure sensors and placed into a transfer molding and encapsulate the pressure sensors and organic panel substrate. Because the top surface is moulded with inner wall surface in a closed position then inner space of dam-ring is not fulfilled by the fluid epoxy moling compound (EMC) during molding process. Finally a pressure with a sensing channel space is separated from the organic substrate by using a saw machine after the EMC process. Dam-ring deposition: In photo resist model to achieve a wide operation window a specific coating thickness is required. For this high film thickness a photo resist with high viscosity is taken. A spin wafer and a hot plate are used for spin coating process of the dam-ring material. To produce a ultra thick sacrifice layer a two stage spin coating process is employed. Lithographic process is introduced to achieve a double layer of photo resist in dam-ring method. Transfer molding:As the pressure sensor is attached to organic substrate then substrate is placed in a transfer molding.To reduce the wrapage of encapsulated product the molding compound must be carefully chosen so that thermal expansion is close to that of organic substrate. To eliminate the wrapping of organic panel substrate a low molding temperature of 165 ° is utilized. The silicon membrane of pressure sensor and pressure loading of environment is reserved by the dam-ring. Design of the system: The majority available of micro-machined pressure sensors are bulk micro-machined Piezo-resistive devices. The Piezo-resistors are arranged in such a way by selectively doping portions of the diaphragm to form junction-isolated resistors. In an anisotropic material in silicon is defined by a tensor that relates the three directional components of the electric field to the three directional components of current flow. In a tensor general it has nine elements and expresses in a 3*3 matrix as they reduce to six independent values. Where Ei and Ji are electric field and current density components and ?i is the resistivity component. If the Cartesian axis is aligned to the (100) axes in a cubic crystal structure then Ï 1, Ï 2, Ï 3 are equal along the (100) axes denoted by Ï .The remaining components of matrix and then cross axis resistivitys will be zero due to unstressed silicon is electrically isotropic. Finally the change in the components in the matrix leads to six stress components by a 36 element tensor. This tensor is finally populated by three non-zero components as shown in below. Here ÃŽ  IJ co-efficient have units of Pa-1 and this can be either positive or negative. The ÃŽ  11 have the resistivity in any direction to stress in same directions. The equation (1) is derived along the (100) co-ordinate axes and convenient to apply. The fractional change is represented as ΔR/R = ÃŽ  LÏÆ'L+ÃŽ  TÏÆ'T. Where ÃŽ  L and ÏÆ'L are Piezo-resitive co-efficient and these are parallel to the direction of current flow and ÃŽ  t and ÏÆ't are values in transverse direction. Combining the equations by using a transformation of the co-ordinate system in (100) axes the equations can be stated as ÃŽ  L = ÃŽ  11+2(ÃŽ  44+ÃŽ  12-ÃŽ  11) * (L12m12+L12n12+n12m12) ÃŽ  t = ÃŽ  12-(ÃŽ  44+ÃŽ  12-ÃŽ  11) * (L12L22+m12m22+n12n22) Where L1, m1, n1 are the directions cosines of a vector that are parallel to the current flow and L2,m2,n2 are unit length vector perpendicular to the resistor. By combining and neglecting terms in above two equations (2 3) the Piezo-Resitive co-efficient is varied with doping level and operating temperature then p-type is placed in equation(4). ÃŽ   (N, T) =P (N, T) ÃŽ  ref. The longitudinal and transverse Piezo-resitive co-efficient in the surface of a (100) silicon wafer is observed. Observe that each figure in silicon wafer (100) splits into two halves as ÃŽ  L ÃŽ  t for both p-type and n-type in silicon. Then for p-type silicon both ÃŽ  L ÃŽ  t the peak is along (100) and for n-type silicon also peak is along (100).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the length of resistor decreases means then resistance also decreases then increase in power consumption is not favourable. If the width decreases then variations are observed along the non-ideal lithography. From the above it concludes that size of diaphragm reduces as the resistor have a large area between its perimeter and the centre. Advantages of Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At present today pressure sensors are used in a variety of applications in industries in overall MEMS market.Piezo electrical is used to measure high pressure with a diaphragm and widely used highly in pressure sensors. Piezo-Resistive force sensors have high applications that are fabricated using MEMS processes. The Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors are used for direct mounting on printed circuit boards. Piezo-Resistive are used to measure the cell consists of a glass back plate and the silicon chip with diffused resistor bridge. Main Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors applications are: It is used in barometric, small airplanes and used in robotic, sanitary and meteorology, air conditioning. These are used to improve sensitive, small size and are less in cost. Mainly some silicon sensors that use Piezo-Resistivity effect use a four element Wheatstone bridge configuration. Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors are low in cost and having small size and these have high resolution and have high sensitivity. Use of this element also removes four resistors that form during wheat stone bridge design. A cost effective current mode circuit is used to operate with a single Piezo-Resistive element. Ultra miniaturized 0.69 French Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors are designed for fabrication in bio-medical applications. These ultra-miniaturized Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors have many users in biomedical fields like in intra cranial pressure monitoring during nano-surgery. And also used for air monitoring in respiratory diseases, observing the blood pressure during surgery then for monitoring obstetrics and used for monitoring the urinary pressure in diagnosis for respective disorders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The continuous development is reducing the catheter size leads to develop in ultra-miniaturized pressure sensors. The micro-maching technology in both industrial and automotive pressure sensors is very good. Due to these factors Piezo-Resistive sensors have some advantages. Like it has high tensile strength, it is low cost and has high elasticity also have good elastic properties and compatible in microcircuit technology. Pressure sensors and accelerometers both of these use Piezo-Resistive sensors with piezo electric effect. These Piezo-Resistive sensors also used in automotive applications it has up to now 40 applications in future they can be increased.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For controlling the engine some sensors are used for controlling the engine and some are used as for good fuel economy and for controlling the engine. Accelerometers here are used for anti-skid braking, air bags and also in case of antiskid braking. Many transmissions are continuously developed that requires use of sensors and electronics to optimize transmission rations and power demand. These type of pressure sensors are also used in various industrial applications such as automobiles and also in biomedical applications. Pressure sensors are used in measurement of mechanical quantities like force, stress and other. Then biomedical applications are used to measure the control flow of blood pressure and force generated within heart cells. In capacitive sensors it has major problems in massive commercialization is sealing of capacitive cavity and the electrical lead transfer between vacuum-sealed cavity and outside world. To overcome this problem recently piezo resistive sensors are invented and these became major choice.To overcome so many number of difficulties these type of sensors are used.A nano crystalline silicon is used to achieve a high sensitive has been proposed. The silicon piezo resitive pressure sensors are used to increase the sensitivity by introducing stress in regions in the formation of elliptical holes.For continous monitoring on operational temperature and for signal to noise ratio the piezoresistor is taken into account.In biomedical applications the addition of sensitivity and temperature effect and the signal to noise ratio should laso be considered in order of design the system. The piezo resitive pressure sensor represents has one of MEMS applications that used in domestic appliances and used in various applications like laundary,washing machines and in vaccum cleaners.Differntial pressure sensors are used to measure the pressure difference in between two environments. Silicon has excellent properties in piezo resistive material as it changes the bulk resistivity when stress is apllied. For manufacturing new devices like electronic devices and maintaining high yield level is a challenge task that depends used for identifying the mechanism.Electronic sensors are mainly used in industrial automotion applications.Due to direct connection and profitability the manufacturing of yield is important.As is yield is 100% means it constantly improving the techniques. In all aircrafts pressure sensors are used in engine,fuel,hydraulics and in enviromental applications.By using these type of piezo resistive sensors increase in demand on weight,size,cost and in signal processing.These type of piezo-electric resitive sensors are used to built a small size,light weight and the low cost of value. These are the advantages of Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor that gives an idea why this sensor is more effective than compared to other sensors and why this type of Piezo-resistive pressure sensors are used. Conclusion: Sensors are been developed from past 20 years and widely been used in industrial and in biomedical. These sensors also offers a many type of sensors among them magnetic sensor are one type. By observing all the factors in above we can conclude that Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor is one type of sensor that have excellent properties in electrical and this sensor is fabricated in a very small size. The Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor has many advantages that mentioned in above essay. The fabrication process, main principle involved and the Design of the system of Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor is explained above. The output voltage of this Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor is small in magnitude. So due to this the output must be amplified to increase the S/N ratio and provides an output that is used in microprocessor system.Fianlly an Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor with an high output voltage with low fabrication cost must been developed. References: Jacob fraden,AID handbook of modern sensors, 1993. R.W.White,A sensor classification scheme, microsensors, Journal form IEEE press, newyork, PP-3-5, 1991. M.Z.Shaikh, Dr.S.F.Kodad Dr.B.C.Jinaga,Performance analysis of Piezo-Resistive MEMS for pressure measurement, Journal of theoretical and applied information technology, India, 2008. Jaspreet singh, M.M Nayak, K.Nagachen chaigh,Linearity and sensitivity issues in Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors, India. Liweilin, Huey-chichu and Yen-Wen LU,A simulation program for the sensitivity and linearity of Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors, Journal of micro electro-mechanical systems, Vol-8, No-4, December 1999. Tai-Kang shing,Robust design of silicon Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors, Taiwan. Lung-Tai chen, Wood-Hichang,A novel plastic package for pressure sensors fabricated using the lithographic dam-ring approach, Journal from sensors and actuators, Vol-149,165-171, 2009. Mohamed Gad-el-Hak,The MEMS Handbook, 2002. Y.Kanda,A graphical representation of the Piezo-Resistive pressure Co-efficients in SI, Journal from IEEE, Vol-29, 1982. Samaun, J.B.Angell,An IC Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor for bio-medical Instrumentation,Journal form IEEE, Vol-20. Pressure sensor applications,http://www.marubeni-sys.com/mems/conventor/Pressure_sensors_applications-pdf. W.Kurniawan, R.Tjandra, E.Obermeier,Bulk-type Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor for high pressure applications, Journal from science direct, Vol-1,544-547, 2009. Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors, http://www.keller-druck.com/picts/paflengl/ze-pdf. Josep Samitier,Manel Puig-Uidal,Sebastain A.Bota,Carles Rubio,Stilianos K.Siskos,Theordore Laupoulos,A current mode interface circuit for a Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor, Journal from IEEE,Vol-47,No-3,June 1998. Usha Gowrishetty,Ice vinwalsh,Julia Bersold,Douglas Jackson,Huntly Millar, Tommy Roussel,Development of ultra-miniaturized Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors for Bio-medical applications, Journal from IEEE,Vol-08,978-1-4244-2485-6,2008. William Dunn,Automative sensor applications, Journal from IEEEXplore, Phoenix. CD.Pramanik, H.Saha, U.Gangopadhyc,Design optimization of a high performance silicon MEMS Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor for bio-medical applications, Journal of micromechanics and micro engineering, Vol-16, 2060-2066, 2006. B.firtat, C.Moldovan, R.Iosub, D.Necula, M.Nisulescu,Differential Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor, Journal from IEEE Xplore, Vol-07, 1-4244-0847-4, 2007. Marko Paulin, Franc Noval,Yield enhancement of Piezo-Resistive pressure sensors for automotive applications, Journal from science direct, Vol-141, 34-42, 2008. Liweilin and Weijie yun,MEMS pressure sensors for Aero Space applications Journal from IEEEXplore, Vol-98, 0-7803-4311-5, 1998. Susumu Sugiyama,Mitsuharu Takigawa and Isemi Igarashi,Integrated Piezo-Resistive pressure sensor with both voltage and frequency output,Journal from Sensors and Actuators,Vol-4,113-120,1983.

Freud – Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy – Little Hans

Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy – Little Hans Chronological Summary of Events 1903 Hans born. (April) 1906 3 to 3 ? First reports. 3 ? to 3 ? First visit to Gmunden. (Summer) 3 ? Castration threat. 3 ? Hanna born. (October) 1907 3 ? First dream. 4 Removal to new flat. 4 ? to 4 ? Second visit to Gmunden. Episode of biting horse. (Summer) 1908 4 ? Episode of falling horse. Outbreak of phobia. (January) 5 End of analysis. (May) Background Little Hans (Herbert Graf) was born in April 1903 to Olga Graf (mother) and Max Graf (father).He undertook four months of treatment, which was conducted by Hans’ father himself, and supervised by Freud, who took somewhat of a backseat. Freud wanted to explore what factors led to the phobia and what factors led to its remission. He believed children face subconscious emotional conflicts just as adults do, and their future adjustment depends on how well the conflicts are solved. It was the first ever psychoanalytic treatment on a child. Freud believed that the sexual impulses in a child would be fresh and naive, unlike when conducting the analysis on an adult, where the impulses have to be ‘dug out’.Freud hypothesised that the analysis would correspond with his previous work in the ‘Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality’. Overview First observations were taken at three years, where Hans’ spirit of enquiry towards ‘widdlers’ became apparent with his initial observation that the presence or absence of a widdler differentiated between inanimate and animate objects [p. 9]. He also assumed that all animate objects were like himself and possessed this important bodily organ – thus allowing him to arrive at a genuine abstract knowledge: ‘A dog and horse have widdlers; a table and chair haven’t. He was not deterred from this notion despite noting the lack of a ‘widdler’ on his sister Hanna [p. 11]. Hans had begun to practise the commo nest – and most normal – form of auto-erotic sexual activity; Giving himself pleasure by touching his member. The castration complex was first planted in to Hans’ head at three and a half years when his mother told him the doctor would come and chop his widdler off if he didn’t stop playing with it. [p. 7-8]. At the present time he was unfased, and suggested he could wee out of his bottom.His mothers threat made Hans believe it was possible to lose your genital organs, which he would later subconsciously believe would happen for repressing oedipal desires. This concern for the loss of his widdler was initially dismissed from his thoughts but made its effects apparent at a later period. Taking pleasure in his own sexual organ soon turned in to scopophelia, in active and passive forms with his main fantasies and dreams being aimed around widdlers, widdling and wishing that the girls in Gmunden would help him widdle [p. 19]. At age 3 ? e asked his father â⠂¬ËœDaddy, have you got a widdlers too? ’ When he asked his mother if she had a widdler, she replied with ‘why of course’. He also repeatedly expressed the desire to see his mother and fathers widdlers in order to draw comparison. Hans had observed that larger animals had correspondingly larger widdlers and formulated the hypothesis that this was the case with his parents. For example; his mother he thought must have a widdlers ‘like a horse’. This reflection could be interpreted that a child’s wish to be ‘bigger’ had been concentrated on his genitals.The sexual aim in which he pursued his girl playmates had ‘found it’s way into object love’ in the usual manner from the care he had received as an infant. It’s suggested that this sudden erotic urge originated from the pleasure derived from the cutaneous (skin) contact of sleeping next to his mother (Hans would crawl into bed most mornings). This caused se xual arousal or ‘Satisfaction of the instinct of concentration [Moll (1898). Cf &SE;, 7, 169 n. 2. ]. This facilitated his increased interest in other girls (wanting to sleep with Mariedl Etc. and ultimately wanting to see their widdlers. Little Hans showed affection towards both genders of children indiscriminately and once described Fritzl as ‘the girl he was fondest of’ [p. 16]. This contributed to Freud’s idea of ‘object-choice’ and ‘homosexuality in children’ suggesting that most children have homosexual tendencies as they are only acquainted with one kind of genital organ. Freud intimates that because little Hans had a widdler, and gave so much importance to it, he chose to have this ‘familiar feature’ as his sexual object.It is also important to note that in his future development he demonstrated ‘an energetic masculinity with traits of polygamy; he knew how to vary his behaviour, too, with his varying fem inine objects—audaciously aggressive in one case, languishing and bashful in another. His affection had moved from his mother on to other objects of love, but at a time when there was a scarcity of these it returned to her. ’ Hans demonstrates elements of the sexual relations of a child to his parents discussed in Interpretation of Dreams [1900a, in Section D (? ) of Chapter V; Standard Ed. , 4, 248 ff. ] and in Three Essays [1905d, Standard Ed. 7, 222 ff. ] with regard to being a little Oedipus who who wanted to have his father ‘out of the way’, to get rid of him, so that he might be alone with his beautiful mother and sleep with her. This wish had originated during his summer holidays at Gmunden and had developed with the alternating presence and absence of his father (due to work commitments). Hans identified that his fathers’ absenteeism gave him the opportunity of increased intimacy with his mother; which he longed for. This desire for his fath er to ‘go away’ then later developed into a desire for him to permanently go away – to die.This caused great conflict within Hans as it contradicted the deep love he also felt towards his father. For example; hitting his father then immediately kissing the place he had hit [p. 42]. Freud goes on to comment that ‘the emotional life of man is made up of pairs of contraries such as these. ’ And that ‘†¦they usually go on supressing each other until one of them succeeds in keeping the other altogether out of site. ’ Children offer the exception to this in that they can exist peaceably side-by-side for some time. Baby Hanna and the Stalk The most important influence upon the course of Hans’ psychosexual evelopment. Hans wathed how Hanna was cared for and this stimulated trace memories of his own early experiences of pleasure. His fever a few days after Hanna’s birth was an indication of how little he liked the addition to t he family [p. 11]. Although affection came later his first thoughts were hostility and fear that yet more brothers and sisters might arrive – further eroding the time and affection mother would devote to him. Freud states that it is clear within Hans’ unconscious he treated his sister and father in the same way – wanting them permanently out of the way.Interestingly Hans did not associate the same guilt towards his sisters death wish as that of his father. He subconsciously wanted mummy to drop Hanna in the bath so she would be gone, which consequently caused Hans great anxiety when having a bath himself, fearing it would happen to him as a punishment for thinking such things. Again, this wish would mean he could have his mummy all to himself. This hostility is represented by a fear of the bath [p. 66]. The use of a Stork to explain the origin of Hanna was in conflict with the childish sexual theories he had begun to apply to the material in front of him.There i s a clear progression from his initial acceptance of his fathers explanation; ‘he declared with conviction: â€Å"The stork's coming to-day. ’ to a growing awareness that ‘Everything he says shows that he connects what is strange in the situation with the arrival of the stork. He meets everything he sees with a very suspicious and intent look, and there can be no question that his first doubts about the stork have taken root. [p. 10] Causes of anxiety and the beginning of the phobia Little Hans suffered an anxiety-dream shortly before the start of the phobia, in which mummy had gone and he had ‘no mummy to coax with’.This, combined with his separation from his mother at the time of Hanna’s birth [p. 96] led to a sudden surge of wanting mummy. Initially he would show signs of distress when away from her but it soon became evident that he was still afraid even when his mother went with him. Freud suggested Little Hans had now concentrated his li bido on her. His want to be with her constantly now changed into anxiety producing the phobia. He was initially scared of a big white horse biting him in the street, and his father worried this was connected to the fear of big widdlers, which he had once taken great pleasure in examining.His fear was so strong that he struggled to leave the house, even more so without his mother. Whereas Little Hans once loved the fact that big animals had big widdlers, he now repressed it and was scared. This was thought to be due to him being so dissatisfied with his own. Anxiety was caused by mixing his ‘former pleasure’ of big widdlers with his ‘current un-pleasure’ of them. Little Hans admitted to placing his hands on his widdler every night which resulted in some kind of sexual pleasure or satisfaction (something which Freud later distinguished as a normal form of auto-erotic sexual activity).Yet at this early stage of the illness when his anxiety was heightened he ex pressed a fear that ‘the horse will come into the room’ [p. 24]. His father worried that this masturbation was not helping the phobia. Freud suggested that it was his affection for his mother that he was trying to replace with his fear of horses [p. 28]. His libido was attached to seeing his mother’s widdler and masturbation was giving him gratification. Attempts were made to stop this act, and daddy told Hans that mummy did in fact not have a widdlers [p. 31], which calmed the phobia for a short while.Freud believed that accepting women do not have widdlers risked destroying Hans’ self-confidence and heightened the castration complex, so he resisted the information. After a short time an episode of illness caused the phobia to return. Freud finding similarity between the psychological structure of these phobias and that of hysteria termed this ‘Anxiety-hysteria’ concluding that such hysterias are the most common of all psychoneurotic disorder s and goes on to state they are par excellence in the neuroses of childhood. Little Hans’ outbreak of anxiety-hysteria was by no means as sudden as it first appeared.The anxiety dream he had where his mother had gone away and he was left with ‘no-one to coax with’ [p. 26] was proceeded by two examples of attempts to seduce her [p. 19 ; 23]. Hans dreamt of ‘exchanging endearments and sleeping with her; but all of the pleasure was transferred into anxiety – causing a punishment and repression. The catalyst for suddenly turning this sexual excitement into anxiety is speculated upon by Freud suggesting that mothers’ rejection of his advances could be one possibility. His fear of horses was traced back to an impression he had received at Gmunden [p. 9] when his father warned him ‘‘Don't put your finger to the horse; if you do, it'll bite you. ’ The words, ‘don't put your finger to’, which Hans used in reporting this warning, resembled the form of words in which the warning against masturbation had been framed. ’ Hans attempted to communicate his feeling towards his mother, in what was still a distorted form, with the phantasy of the two giraffes. Little Hans’ story of the big giraffe and the crumpled giraffe was interpreted by his father and Freud. His father was indeed the big giraffe and mummy was the crumpled giraffe.Subconsciously, little Hans wanted to take possession of mummy, by taking her away from daddy. Hans loved getting in to bed with mummy in the morning, it gave him pleasure, but the big giraffe calling out was his father dislike of him getting in. Immediately after the giraffe fantasy Hans disclosed two others; ‘forcing his way into a forbidden space at Schonbrunn, and the other of his smashing a railway-carriage window on the Stadtbahn [p. 40-41]. In each case the punishable nature of the action was emphasized, and in each his father appeared as an accomplice . This again links to the oedipal characteristic of taking possession of his mother.This combined with his burgeoning childish sexual theories that ‘taking possession’ would involve some form of consummation which gave rise to the elusive thought of something violent and forbidden – which the dreams allude to. Freud states that the dreams were therefore ‘symbolic phantasies of intercourse’ and that his father plays accomplice within the dreams as Hans has very astutely deduced that ‘I should like’, he seems to have been saying [to his father], ‘to be doing something with my mother, something forbidden; I do not know what it is, but I do know that you are doing it too. The giraffe fantasy resulted in Freud and father deciding it was the right time to inform Hans ‘he was afraid of his father because he himself nourished jealous and hostile wishes against him’ and thus ‘partly interpreted his fear of horses for him: the horse must be his father— whom he had good internal reasons for fearing. ’ [p. 42] Subconsciously he was extremely fearful that his father would find out, as he feared if he did he would castrate him. When an internal situation such as this one cannot be processed, it becomes pathological, and a compromise-formation needs to happen, which becomes apparent at the very end of the analysis.Enlightening Hans on this subject had cleared away his most powerful resistance against allowing his unconscious thoughts to be made conscious; for his father was himself acting as his physician. As a result Hans became more aware/willing/confident to describe the details of his phobia; ‘He was not only afraid of horses biting him—he was soon silent upon that point—but also of carts, of furniture-vans, and of buses (their common quality being, as presently became clear, that they were all heavily loaded), of horses that started moving, of horses that looked big and heavy, and of horses that drove quickly.The meaning of these specifications was explained by Hans himself: he was afraid of horses falling down, and consequently incorporated in his phobia everything that seemed likely to facilitate their falling down. ’ [p. 46-7]. Hans described going for a walk with his mother and witnessing a bus-horse fall down and kick abut with his feet [p. 49]. He was terrified thinking the horse was dead and that all horses will fall down. He then associated this with the wish for his father to ‘go away’ and wanted him ‘to fall down in the same way and be dead. When confronted with this notion Hans did not dispute it and later went on to play a game of biting his father; symbolically accepting the theory that he had identified his father with the horse he was afraid of. [p. 52]. Upon questioning Hans’ father uncovered an impression which lay concealed behind that of the falling bus horse of an event that occurred during t heir summer at Gmunden. While they were playing horses Fritzl had hit his foot against a stone and fallen down. [p. 58].Seeing the bus horse fall while walking with his mother had reminded him of this although Hans initially denied this [p. 82]. Freud commented that ‘It is especially interesting, however, to observe the way in which the transformation of Hans's libido into anxiety was projected on to the principal object of his phobia, on to horses. ’ Hans regarded Fritzl as a substitute for his father, particularly as Fritzl competed with Hans for the attention and affection of the girl playmates at Gmunden in a similar way to the manner in which Hans competed with his father for his beloved mothers affection.Freud also states that ‘When repression had set in and brought a revulsion of feeling along with it, horses, which had till then been associated with so much pleasure, were necessarily turned into objects of fear. ’ The ‘Lumf’ Complex Han s became unexpectedly preoccupied with ‘lumf’ showing disgust at anything that reminded him of evacuating his bowels [p. 55]. Hans had been in the habit of insisting upon accompanying his mother to the W. C. [p. 63]. His friend Berta filled his mother's place, until the fact became known and he was forbidden to do so [p. 1]. His father speculated that there was a link between the symbolism of a loaded horse cart passing through some gates (which Hans had observed in the Customs House opposite their home) and the passing of faeces out of the body [p 66-68]. Hans further clarified the symbolism of lumf with an additional phantasy of the plumber; ‘Daddy, I thought something: I was in the bath, and then the plumber came and unscrewed it. Then he took a big borer and stuck it into my stomach. ’ [p. 65]. Freud interpreted this as ‘With your big penis you â€Å"bored† me’ (i. . ‘gave birth to me’) ‘and put me in my mother's w omb. ’ His fantasy regarding the plumber unscrewing the bath and then struck him in the stomach with a big borer was further interpreted later on in the analysis. He was remoulding a ‘fantasy of procreation’, distorted by anxiety. The big bath was his mother’s womb and the borer was his fathers penis; giving a connection to being born. We must also consider Hans’ earlier confession that he wished that his mother might drop the child while she was being given her bath, so that she should die [p. 72].His own anxiety attached to bathing was a fear of retribution for this evil wish and of being punished by the same thing happening to him. Hans moved on to draw the natural conclusion that little Hanna was a lumf herself and that all babies were lumfs and were born like lumfs. We can thus deduce that all furniture-vans, drays and buses were only ‘stork-box carts’, and were therefore symbolic representations of pregnancy; and that when a horse fell down it can not only be seen as his dying father but also his mother in childbirth – a conflicting desire and fear.As discussed during the stork analysis Han’s had noticed his mothers pregnancy and had ‘pieced the facts of the case together’ without telling anyone. Which was demonstrated by his sceptical attitude towards the stork explanation given by his father and his description of Hanna joining them at Gmunden a year before her actual birth. Hans justified this phantasy, and in fact deliberately embellished it as an act of revenge upon his father. against whom he harboured a grudge for having misled him with the stork fable. Freud eloquently summarises Hans’ subconscious feeling on the matter; ‘If you really thought I was as stupid s all that, and expected me to believe that the stork brought Hanna, then in return I expect you to, accept my inventions as the truth. ’ Hans continued to seek revenge within the phantasy of teasin g and beating horses [p. 79]. This phantasy, again, had two constituents. Firstly to reinforce his pleasure at the teasing he had submitted his father with the recollection of Hanna at Gmunden; and secondly, it reproduced the obscure sadistic desires directed towards his mother. Hans even confessed consciously to a desire to beat his mother [p. 81].Hans discloses further phantasies which seem to confirm his growing confidence to communicate his conscious wish to ‘get rid’ of his father and that the reason he wished it was that his father interfered with his own intimacy with his mother. As Freud states this clearly shows Hans’ ‘progressive development from timid hinting to fully conscious, undistorted perspicuity. ’ Overcoming his fears – Concluding phantasies Freud describes the first of these as a triumphant, wishful phantasy, and with it he overcame his fear of castration’ in which the plumber gives Hans a new and, as his father gues sed, a bigger widdler [p. 98].His second phantasy confessed to the wish to be married to his mother and to have many children by her [p. 96-97]. Significantly this phantasy also provided an acceptable [to Hans] resolution to the unacceptable conflict within him caused by his desire to kill his father. Instead he promoted him to marry Hans’ grandmother. Thus resolving the alternating emotions of love and hate towards his father and the evil thoughts he’d harboured towards him. Hans had made up for the loss (reduced care and attention received from his mother) he experienced as a result of the birth of his sister by ‘imagining he had children of his own. And so long as they were at Gmunden he could really play with his children and therefore found an acceptable [to him] outlet for his affections. The families subsequent return to Vienna refocused Hans’ attention on his mother resulting in him gaining satisfaction by ‘a masturbatory stimulation of his g enitals. His desire to have children was twofold: He considered Hanna to be born like passing a lumf and therefore identified with his own feelings of pleasure in passing stool. Secondly the compensatory pleasure of passing his affection onto them. The conflict within Hans arose by his inability to cognise his fathers ole in Hanna’s (and therefore his own) birth. Hans could understand that he and Hanna were his mothers children – after all he now knew she had bought them into the world. But what role had his father played and what gave him the right to say they were his? As discussed Hans considered his fathers presence detrimental to his relationship with his mother for example by preventing her from sleeping with him. This revelation further reinforced Hans’ hostility towards his father which was compounded by stork lie which Hans perceived to be a conscious decision by his father to ‘keep Hans from the knowledge he was thirsting for. This, Hans conclude d, was therefore putting him at a disadvantage on two fronts. Despite hating his rival he was the same father whom he had always loved and was bound to go on loving, who had been his model, had been his first playmate, and had looked after him from his earliest infancy; thus giving rise to his first conflict. Freud therefore states that the ‘hostile complex against his father screened [the] lustful one about his mother. ’ Summary ; Conclusions Witnessing the horse falling down carried no ‘traumatic force’.It acquired significance due do Hans’ former interest in them and the earlier event in Gmunden which lead to the association of horses from Fritzl to his father. This was then compounded by the additional association of the horse falling with his mother in childbirth. Freud describes this ‘return of the repressed’ as returning in such a manner that the ‘the pathogenic material was remodelled and transposed on to the horse-complex, while the accompanying affects were uniformly turned into anxiety. Hans’ phobia was also further distorted by the warning he had been given about masturbation and its link to the hostility he felt towards his father. Hans was later affected by a ‘great wave of repression’ giving up masturbation and turning away in disgust at everything that reminded him of excrement and of the pleasure he had previously derived from observing other people performing their natural functions. This repression, considered natural by Freud [Three Essays [1905d, Standard Ed. ]], was not however the ‘precipitating cause of the illness. The two key conditions leading to Hans’ phobia were tendencies within Hans that had already been suppressed and had therefore never been able to find uninhibited expression: i) Hostile and Jealous feelings towards his father ii) Sadistic impulses (premonitions of copulation) towards his mother. These repressed ideas forced their way into Han s’ consciousness as the (distorted) content of the phobia. As Freud describe this was however a ‘paltry success’ as the forces of repression ‘made use of the opportunity to extend their dominion over components other than those that had rebelled. The purpose of the phobia was therefore to restrict his movement: Keeping him closer to his mothers affections. Hans had always taken pleasure in movement ‘I'm a young horse’, he had said as he jumped about’ [p. 58]. This pleasure in movement had however included the instinctive impulse to copulate with his mother and resulted in Hans causing his symbol of movement (the horse) to develop into a conscious anxiety. Alfred Adler suggested that anxiety arrises from the suppression of an ‘aggressive instinct’ [Adler, ‘Der Aggressionstrieb im Leben und in der Neurose’ (1908)].However Freud disagrees with this notion and goes on to state that this aggression is an ‘indis pensable attribute of all instincts. ’ Or to simplify; ‘each instinct [has] its own power of becoming aggressive. ’ Frued identifies the two instincts which became repressed in Hans as ‘familiar components of the sexual libido. ’ Freud seemed to hold Hans in high regard describing him as ‘well formed physically, and was a cheerful, amiable, active-minded young fellow who might give pleasure to more people than his own father. He went on to observe that it is ‘by no means such a rare thing to find object-choice and feelings of love in boys at a similarly early age. ’ Signigficantly he also goes on to speculate that ‘sexual precocity is a correlate, which is seldom absent, of intellectual precocity, and that it is therefore to be met with in gifted children more often than might be expected. ’ This is demonstrated by Hans’ ability to cognate abstract reasoning; particularly towards his childish sexual theories rel ating to the origin of his sister Hanna.Freud continues to say that Hans ‘is not the only child who has been overtaken by a phobia at some time or other in his childhood. ’ In fact such phobias can be ‘extraordinarily frequent. ’ Typically ‘Their phobias are shouted down in the nursery because they are inaccessible to treatment and are decidedly inconvenient. In the course of months or years they diminish, and the child seems to recover; but no one can tell what psychological changes are necessitated by such a recovery, or what alterations in character are involved in it. He therefore concludes that ‘Hans’ illness may not have been any more serious than that of many other children who are not branded as degenerates. As discussed in previous papers [For example; last section of the third of Freud's Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality(1905d), Standard Ed. , 7, 225. ] psycho-analytic analysis of adult neurotics regularly identifies infan tile anxiety as the ‘point of departure. ’ Freud goes on to discus wider societal issues stating that we ‘concentrate too much upon symptoms and concern ourselves too little with their causes. An issue arguable still as relevant today as it as at the time of Freud’s writing. Freud’s concern was that ‘In bringing up children we aim only at being left in peace and having no difficulties, in short, at training up a model child, and we pay very little attention to whether such a course of development is for the child's good as well. ’ It can therefore be argued that the phobia was in fact an advantage for Hans as it directed his parents to ‘unavoidable difficulties’ in ‘overcoming the innate instinctual components of the mind. With his father assistance Hans now longer carries the repressed complexes other children still have to bear. It is also fair to state (as Freud does) that such complexes (as the origins of babies) a re not only repressed by children but dreaded by their parents. Freud also looked to counter potential criticism that by bringing Hans’ ‘wicked instincts’ into his conscious he might act upon then. For example; acting out his evil wishes against his father?In his Postscript (1922) Freud scornfully comments that some readers of the case study had foretold ‘a most evil future’ for little Hans who had been a ‘victim of psychoanalysis’ thus ‘robbing him of his innocence. ’ He triumphantly reports that none of these predictions had come true and that the analysis actually facilitated Hans’ recovery. It had in fact helped prepare him for the emotional turbulence of his parents separation in subsequent years. A further point to consider from the postscript is teenage Hans’ apparent ‘infant amnesia’ towards the challenges of his early years.He also argues in favour of ‘full disclosure by telling him about the ‘vagina and copulation’ allowing him to put an end to his ‘stream of questions’ without loosing ‘love for his mother [or] his own childish nature. ’ In his conclusion Freud discusses a number of principles common to modern psychotherapy. For example: ‘A number of individuals are constantly passing from the class of healthy people into that of neurotic patients, while a far smaller number also make the journey in the opposite direction. ’ ‘A child's upbringing can exercise a powerful influence for good or for evil upon the disposition’ they subsequently exhibit. The origin of pathogenic complexes†¦ deserves to be regarded by educators as an invaluable guide in their conduct towards children. And subsequently ‘At what cost has the suppression of inconvenient instincts been achieved? ’ He also passes comment on the psychoanalytic process itself. Specifically relating to this analysis he states: ‘Previously, his father [the therapist] had been able to tell him [Hans] in advance what was coming, while Hans had merely followed his lead and come trotting after; but now it was Hans who was forging ahead, so rapidly and steadily that his father [the therapist] found it difficult to keep up with him. This alludes to the significant challenge the therapist faces in containing and interpreting the information and emotions the patient transfers onto them. In the case of Hans this is compounded by the conflict produced within the father-son/therapist-patient diad. Something Freud refers to when discussing the considerable barrier in bringing Hans’ hostility towards his father into the little boys conscious. This is summarised beautifully by Freud in the following paragraph: ‘The physician is a step in front of him in knowledge; and the patient follows along his own road, until the two meet at the appointed goal. ‘Beginners in psycho-analysis are apt to assim ilate these two events, and to suppose that the moment at which one of the patient's unconscious complexes has become known to them is also the moment at which the patient himself recognises it. They are expecting too much when they think that they will cure the patient by informing him of this piece of knowledge; for he can do no more with the information than make use of it to help himself in discovering the unconscious complex where it is anchored in his unconscious. ’

Mgmt 404 Project

MGMT 404 Project Campus Bookstore self-checking Register December 12, 2011 Professor Chuang Table of Contents Scope statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3-4 Work breakdown structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Network diagram†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Risk management plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-8 Resource management plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Communication management plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9-10 Scope Statement Project Overview Statement Executive Summary ________________________________________ Project Name: Self-checking registers Department: Bookstore Last Updated: November 11, 2011 Project Manager(s): Carol Johnson, Nancy Drew, David Winner Project Department Owner: Student Body Community ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Project Overview Installation of a self-checking registers in Campus bookstore. Project should not exceed $23,000. Deliverables 1. Gather Requirements a. Discuss current system with Bookstore Representatives b. Understand the requirements c. Understand the budget available d. Research any permits that are required 2. Self-checkout system development a. Outsource the development to external agency b. Install the self-checkout system at the exit of the Bookstore c. Discuss with IT department the process of inputting barcode information d. Contract contractor about installation requirements 3. Communication with Stakeholders a. Inform students about the new process b. Inform Bookstore staff/security about the new process c. Inform staff/security about their responsibilities 4. Implement the process a. Set a launch date Milestones 1. Systems approved—November 25, 2011 2. Permits approved—November 21, 2011 3. Electrical outlets installed—December 9, 2011 . Construction completed—December 22, 2011 5. IT installs software and training completed—January 13, 2011 6. Completion date—January 20, 2011 Technical Requirements 1. Confirm staging area for self-checkout counter 2. Obtain permits 3. Approval of building codes Limits and Exclusions 1. Contractors reserves the right to contract outside service s 2. Contractors responsible for any subcontracted work 3. Site hours set for Monday through Friday, 8:00 a. m. to 6:00 p. m. ____________________________________________________________ __________________ Prepared by: Carol Johnson—Project Manager Nancy Drew David Winner Work Breakdown Structure Task Name| School Register| 1 Requirements Gathering | 1. 1 Discuss the current system with Book Store Representatives| 1. 2 Understand the requirements with stakeholders| 1. 3 Understand the budget available for developing the new system| 2 Process Design| 2. 1 Design high level process map| 2. 2 Request feedback from stakeholders| 2. 3 Design detailed level process map | 2. 4 Identify the roles of different stakeholders in the Process| 3 Self-checkout system development| 3. 1Outsource the development to an external agency| 3. Install the self-checkout system at the exit of the Bookstore| 3. 3 Collect the details of all stakeholders using Bookstore from the Admin Office| 3. 4 Design and Development of access cards| 3. 5 Collect the access cards from external agency| 3. 6 Distribute access cards to all the stakeholders| 4 Communication to stakeholders| 4. 1 Communicate to Students| 4. 1. 1 Inform students about the new process| 4. 1. 2 Inform students about their roles & expectations| 4. 1. 3 Request students to verify their access cards| 4. 2 Communicate to Faculty/Teachers| 4. 2. Inform faculty about the new process| 4. 2. 2 Inform faculty/teachers about their roles| 4. 2. 3 Request Faculty/Teachers to verify their access cards| 4. 3 Communicate to Book Store Staff / Security| 4. 3. 1 Inform the staff/security about the new process| 4. 3. 2 Inform the staff/security about their roles and responsibilities| 4. 3. 3 Request Staff/Security to verify their access cards| Implement the Process| 5. 1 Develop a common message about the date of launch| 5. 2 Encourage participation and adherence from the stakeholders| Network Diagram Risk Management Plan Risk Event| Response| Contingency Plan| Trigger | Person Responsible| Completion before new semester| Accept| Work around| Time frame off| Carol | Material out of spec| Mitigate| Contact Manufactory | Programming not working| IT department & Nancy| Employee training| Share| Work around| Management advisory| Management & Carol| IT programing equipment (barcodes)| Share| Work around| Not resolved in 24 hours| IT department & Nancy| Equipment interface| Mitigate| Work around| Not resolved in 36 hours| IT department & Nancy| Wrong equipment | Mitigate| Order new equipment| Not fitting in define space| IT department & Nancy| Available space in bookstore| Transfer| Re-arrange bookstore| Contractor information| Store management & Carol | Hardware malfunction| Mitigate| Order | Equipment falls| IT department & Nancy| Contractor schedule conflicts| Transfer| Work around| Late showing up| David| Available work hours (school closing)| Transfer| Work around| Bad weather/holidays| David| Risk Man agement Analysis | |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   | RISK EVALUATION|   | Risk| Probability| Cost| Schedule| Scope | Quality| Risk Score|   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Completion before new semester| 30%| 4| 2| 2| 2| 3. 0| Material out of spec| 20%| 1| 2| 5| 1| 1. 8| Employee training| 20%| 3| 2| 2| 1| 1. 6| IT programing equipment (barcodes)| 15%| 2| 3| 3| 2| 1. 5| Equipment interface| 20%| 1| 2| 2| 1| 1. 2| Wrong equipment | 10%| 2| 3| 1| 4| 1. 0| Available space in bookstore| 20%| 1| 1| 2| 1| 1. 0| Hardware malfunction| 10%| 2| 2| 2| 1| 0. 7| Contractor schedule conflicts| 5%| 1| 4| 1| 1| 0. 4| Available work hours (school closing)| 5%| 1| 3| 1| 1| 0. 3| Defined Conditions for Risk Management Analysis| Project Objective| Relative or Numerical Scales| Very Low – 1| Low – 2| Moderate – 3| High – 4| Very High – 5| Cost| Insignificant cost increase| < 10% cost increase| 10-25% cost increase| 25-50% cost increase| > 50% cost increase| Time| Insignificant time increase | < 5% time increase| 5-10% time increase| 1 0-25% time increase| > 25% time increase| Scope| Scope decrease barely noticeable| Minor areas of scope affected| Major areas affected| Reduction unacceptable to sponsor| Project end item is effectively useless| Quality| Quality degradation barely noticeable| Only very demanding application are affected | Quality reduction requires sponsor approval| Quality reduction unacceptable to sponsor | Project end item is effectively useless| Resource Management Plan Resource Name| Type| Material Label| Initials| Group| Max. Units| Std. Rate| Ovt. Rate| Cost/Use| Accrue At| Base Calendar| Register Price| Work|   | RP|   | 100%| $0. 00/hr| $0. 00/hr| $0. 0 | Prorated| Standard| Outsource Fees| Work|   | OF|   | 100%| $0. 00/hr| $0. 00/hr| $0. 00 | Prorated| Standard| Contractors| Work|   | C|   | 100%| $25. 00/hr| $25. 00/hr| $0. 00 | Prorated| Standard| Installers| Work|   | I|   | 100%| $75. 00/hr| $125. 00/hr| $0. 00 | Prorated| Standard| Training| Work|   | T|   | 100%| $25. 00/hr| $25. 00/hr| $0. 00 | Prorated| Standard| Project Manager| Work|   | PM|   | 200%| $25. 00/hr| $25. 00/hr| $0. 00 | Prorated| Standard| IT department| Work|   | I|   | 100%| $75. 00/hr| $125. 00/hr| $0. 00 | Prorated| Standard| Communication Management Plan Campus Bookstore—Self Checking Registers Prepared by: Carol Johnson Date: December 11, 2011 Authorized by: Carol Johnson ___________________________________________________________ __________________ A. General Information Installation of one (1) self-checking register. Which is to be installed at the exit of the Campus Bookstore. B. Stakeholder List All Stakeholders are located in the same geographical locations Stakeholder Name/Title| Project Role| IT Support Group | Customers that will design the system. They will design and program system once it is install. Weekly updates will be sent. | IT Support Group Manager—Aaron Smith| Will oversee the design and approval. Will provide support the deve lopment teams. | Campus Dean—Samuel Adams| Overall approval for costs. Weekly updates will be received from Project manager| Project Team | Responsible for providing reviews of requirements, technology direction, and reviews. The group will receive weekly status reports, access to all documentation for the project, and access to of issues tracking database. | Project Team Leader—Carol Johnson| Will manage the entire project from Scope to acceptance and final launch. Carol will be responsible for allocation of all resources and approval of time schedules for the entire project. In charge of overseeing the installation, construction, equipment purchases. Weekly updates will be sent. | C. Communication Document Description| Audience | Expected Action| Comm. Class| Input Method| Output Method| Frequency| Responsible resource| Project Status Report| All Project team members| Individual Status Submitted every Monday| Mandatory| Status Update Form| E-mail each Tuesday| Weekly| Carol | Issue Report | All Project team members| Individual Status Submitted every Monday| Mandatory| Status Update Form| E-mail each Tuesday| Weekly| Aaron | Outsource report| Campus Dean, IT Support Group Manager| Individual Status Submitted every Monday| Mandatory| Status Update Form | Email each Tuesday| Weekly| Carol | D. Method for Updating the Communication Plan The communications plan will be updated as needed and reviewed during Status Meetings which will be held weekly. Any changes to the communication will be approved by the Group Team manager. Any changes to the plan will be sent out to the stakeholders in a timely manner. E. Existing Systems There will be a weekly organizational release meeting that is held by the Project Team group. The IT Support group will attend the meeting to review changes and major events to the project. The meeting will also address items and other systems that have an impact on us. F. Escalation Process The initial review of the issue or risk will occur during the project status meeting as gathered by the IT Support Group report. The project status will be used to escalate any issues or risks not resolved during the weekly meetings. When the issue or risk is identified, we will conduct a review and provide a contingency plan at Status meeting. If the issue or risk is still not resolved, it will be assigned to an executive committee for action.